Responsibilities of Healthcare Providers in Treatment

Responsibilities of Healthcare Providers in Treatment

Here's the article outline for 'Understanding Common Fee Structures in Orthodontics' focusing on orthodontic treatment for kids:

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in ensuring successful orthodontic treatment for children. Their responsibilities extend far beyond simply straightening teeth, encompassing a holistic approach to pediatric dental care.


Orthodontic expanders can create more space in the mouth for teeth Kids' dental alignment services pediatric dentistry.

First and foremost, orthodontists must conduct comprehensive initial assessments. This involves carefully examining a child's dental structure, jaw alignment, and potential developmental issues. They use advanced diagnostic tools like X-rays and 3D imaging to create personalized treatment plans tailored to each child's unique needs.


Communication is another critical responsibility. Providers must explain treatment options clearly to both parents and children, ensuring they understand the process, potential challenges, and expected outcomes. This involves using age-appropriate language and creating a comfortable, non-intimidating environment that helps children feel at ease.


Monitoring progress is essential throughout the treatment journey. Regular check-ups allow healthcare providers to track tooth movement, make necessary adjustments to braces or aligners, and address any emerging concerns. They must also educate patients about proper oral hygiene, teaching techniques for maintaining dental health during orthodontic treatment.


Emotional support is equally important. Children can feel self-conscious about wearing braces, so providers must offer encouragement and help build their confidence. This might involve discussing potential social challenges and providing strategies for managing them.


Safety is paramount. Healthcare providers must use the most current, evidence-based techniques and ensure all equipment and procedures meet the highest medical standards. They're responsible for minimizing discomfort and potential complications during treatment.


Ultimately, the goal is not just creating a beautiful smile, but promoting long-term dental health and overall well-being for children. By combining technical expertise with compassionate care, orthodontic healthcare providers make a significant difference in young patients' lives.

Comprehensive Initial Assessment and Diagnosis: A Critical Healthcare Responsibility


When a patient first enters the healthcare system, the comprehensive initial assessment and diagnosis represents a crucial moment that sets the foundation for effective treatment. This process is far more than a simple checklist or routine examination - it's a holistic approach to understanding an individual's health status, needs, and potential challenges.


Healthcare providers must approach this initial assessment with both clinical precision and genuine empathy. The process typically involves gathering a detailed medical history, conducting thorough physical examinations, and utilizing appropriate diagnostic tests. Each step is designed to paint a comprehensive picture of the patient's health, uncovering not just immediate symptoms, but potential underlying conditions and risk factors.


A truly effective initial assessment goes beyond just medical data. It includes understanding the patient's social context, lifestyle, emotional well-being, and personal health goals. Providers need to create a safe, comfortable environment where patients feel heard and understood. This means active listening, asking thoughtful questions, and demonstrating genuine care.


Diagnostic technologies play an increasingly important role in this process. Advanced imaging, laboratory tests, and specialized screening tools allow healthcare providers to detect conditions with remarkable accuracy. However, these technological tools are most powerful when combined with the provider's clinical expertise and interpersonal skills.


The ultimate goal of a comprehensive initial assessment is to develop a personalized, patient-centered treatment plan. This involves synthesizing all gathered information, identifying potential health risks, and creating a strategic approach to addressing the patient's specific health needs.


By approaching initial assessments with thoroughness, compassion, and professional expertise, healthcare providers can establish a strong foundation for effective, individualized patient care.

Insurance Coverage and Impact on Orthodontic Expenses

Conducting thorough initial examinations is a critical responsibility for healthcare providers, especially when working with pediatric patients. The process goes far beyond a simple check-up and requires a comprehensive approach that considers the unique developmental stages of children.


When a child first enters the dental office, the healthcare provider must create a welcoming and comfortable environment. The initial examination begins with gathering a detailed dental history, which involves understanding the child's past medical experiences, any existing health conditions, and family dental background. This conversation helps build trust and provides valuable insights into potential genetic or environmental factors that might impact dental health.


The physical assessment is a meticulous process that involves carefully examining the child's oral structures, teeth alignment, jaw development, and overall oral hygiene. Providers look for signs of potential orthodontic issues, such as crowding, misalignment, or abnormal bite patterns. Each developmental stage presents different challenges and opportunities for intervention.


X-rays play a crucial role in this comprehensive examination. They allow healthcare providers to see beyond the visible surface, revealing underlying structures, potential emerging teeth, and any hidden developmental concerns. For younger children, these imaging techniques are performed with minimal radiation and maximum care to ensure patient safety.


Identifying potential orthodontic issues early is particularly important. By catching misalignments or structural concerns during childhood, providers can develop proactive treatment plans that may prevent more complex interventions later. This might involve recommending early orthodontic consultations, suggesting specific oral hygiene techniques, or monitoring growth patterns.


The goal is not just to treat existing issues but to educate and prevent future dental problems. Healthcare providers must communicate clearly with both the child and parents, explaining findings in an age-appropriate and reassuring manner.


Each examination is a unique journey, tailored to the individual child's needs, growth, and specific oral health landscape. It's a delicate balance of professional expertise, compassionate care, and forward-thinking medical intervention.

Payment Plan Options for Pediatric Orthodontic Care

Personalized Treatment Planning: A Patient-Centered Approach


In today's complex healthcare landscape, personalized treatment planning has become a critical responsibility for healthcare providers. Gone are the days of one-size-fits-all medical approaches. Modern healthcare demands a more nuanced, individualized strategy that considers each patient's unique medical history, genetic makeup, lifestyle, and personal preferences.


Healthcare providers play a crucial role in developing these tailored treatment plans. This process begins with comprehensive patient assessment, where clinicians gather detailed information about the patient's medical background, current health status, and specific health challenges. It's not just about collecting data, but truly understanding the patient as a whole person.


The art of personalized treatment planning involves collaborative decision-making. Providers must engage patients in meaningful conversations, explaining treatment options, potential risks, and expected outcomes. This approach empowers patients to become active participants in their own healthcare journey, fostering a sense of trust and partnership between the patient and healthcare team.


Modern technology has significantly enhanced our ability to create personalized treatment plans. Genetic testing, advanced diagnostic tools, and sophisticated medical algorithms allow providers to develop more precise and targeted interventions. For instance, in oncology, genetic profiling can help determine the most effective treatment approach for individual cancer patients.


However, personalized treatment planning isn't just about medical precision. It's about compassion, communication, and holistic care. Providers must consider not only the clinical aspects of treatment but also the patient's emotional, psychological, and social needs. This might involve coordinating with mental health professionals, addressing financial concerns, or providing additional support resources.


Ultimately, personalized treatment planning represents the evolution of patient care. It reflects a deeper understanding that each patient is unique, with their own set of circumstances, challenges, and potential for healing. By embracing this approach, healthcare providers can deliver more effective, empathetic, and patient-centered care.


As medical science continues to advance, the importance of personalized treatment planning will only grow. It's a powerful testament to the medical profession's commitment to treating patients as individuals, not just medical cases.

Factors Influencing Orthodontic Treatment Costs

In the world of pediatric dentistry and orthodontics, developing individualized treatment strategies isn't just a technical process-it's an art form that requires deep understanding, compassion, and precision. Every child's dental journey is unique, much like their fingerprints, and healthcare providers must recognize this fundamental truth.


When approaching orthodontic care, professionals must look beyond standard protocols and truly see the individual patient. A one-size-fits-all approach simply doesn't work. Each child's dental structure tells a story-of genetics, growth patterns, potential challenges, and future possibilities.


Consider, for instance, how a child's age dramatically impacts treatment options. A strategy suitable for an 8-year-old will look dramatically different from one designed for a 14-year-old. Growth stages, bone density, tooth eruption patterns, and potential developmental issues all play critical roles in crafting an effective treatment plan.


Healthcare providers must become part detective, part artist, carefully assessing each child's specific orthodontic requirements. This means conducting comprehensive evaluations that go far beyond simple measurements. They must understand how jaw alignment, tooth spacing, bite dynamics, and potential future growth will interact.


Modern orthodontic care demands a holistic perspective. Providers aren't just straightening teeth; they're supporting a child's overall oral health, self-confidence, and long-term developmental trajectory. Each treatment plan becomes a personalized roadmap, designed with precision and empathy.


Technology now supports this individualized approach, with advanced imaging, 3D modeling, and predictive software helping professionals create increasingly tailored strategies. Yet, the human element remains paramount-understanding each child's unique needs, fears, and potential.


Ultimately, developing individualized treatment strategies is about seeing each child as a complete, complex individual-not just a set of teeth to be adjusted, but a growing person whose dental health will impact their entire life journey.

Comparing Different Orthodontic Practices and Their Pricing Strategies

Patient and Parent Education: A Critical Responsibility of Healthcare Providers


In the complex world of healthcare, education is far more than just sharing medical information-it's about empowering patients and families to actively participate in their own care journey. Healthcare providers have a fundamental responsibility to ensure that patients and parents understand not just their medical conditions, but also the entire treatment process.


Effective patient and parent education starts with clear, compassionate communication. Medical professionals must break down complex medical terminology into simple, understandable language. It's not about overwhelming people with technical details, but helping them truly comprehend their health situation.


For parents, especially those dealing with pediatric care, education becomes even more crucial. They need to understand treatment plans, medication schedules, potential side effects, and home care instructions. This knowledge helps them become confident caregivers who can support their child's recovery and well-being.


The education process should be interactive and personalized. Every patient and family has unique needs, backgrounds, and learning styles. Healthcare providers must be adaptable, using various methods like verbal explanations, written materials, visual aids, and digital resources to ensure understanding.


Moreover, good education builds trust. When patients and parents feel informed and heard, they're more likely to follow treatment plans, ask important questions, and maintain open communication with healthcare teams. This collaborative approach significantly improves treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.


Ultimately, patient and parent education is about respect-respecting individuals' right to understand their own health and empowering them to make informed decisions. It's a critical responsibility that goes beyond medical treatment, touching the very heart of compassionate healthcare.

Additional Fees and Potential Hidden Expenses in Orthodontic Treatment

When it comes to orthodontic treatment for children, communication is absolutely key. Healthcare providers have a crucial responsibility to break down complex medical information into digestible, age-appropriate explanations that both children and their parents can understand and feel comfortable with.


Imagine a young patient sitting in the orthodontic chair, feeling nervous and uncertain. A skilled healthcare provider knows how to transform that anxiety into curiosity and understanding. They'll use simple language, perhaps even visual aids or analogies that resonate with a child's world. Instead of technical jargon, they might compare braces to a "smile transformation journey" or explain tooth alignment like putting together a puzzle.


For parents, the communication needs to be equally clear but more detailed. They want to understand the treatment plan, potential outcomes, financial implications, and what role they'll play in their child's orthodontic care. A good healthcare provider will walk them through each step, addressing concerns, setting realistic expectations, and providing comprehensive home care instructions.


This approach isn't just about information transfer-it's about building trust. When children and parents feel informed and heard, they're more likely to be active participants in the treatment process. They'll be more diligent about following instructions, attending appointments, and maintaining proper oral hygiene.


Effective communication also reduces fear and uncertainty. By demystifying orthodontic procedures and explaining what to expect, healthcare providers can help create a positive, empowering experience for young patients.


Ultimately, providing clear, age-appropriate explanations is more than a responsibility-it's an art that transforms a potentially intimidating medical procedure into an exciting journey of personal transformation.

Monitoring Treatment Progress: A Critical Responsibility


Healthcare providers play a crucial role in tracking and evaluating patient progress throughout their treatment journey. This ongoing assessment isn't just a bureaucratic checkbox-it's a fundamental aspect of delivering high-quality, patient-centered care.


When monitoring treatment progress, providers must be both systematic and compassionate. They typically use a combination of clinical assessments, patient-reported experiences, and objective medical measurements. For instance, a patient undergoing treatment for chronic diabetes might have their blood sugar levels regularly checked, while simultaneously discussing how the treatment impacts their daily life.


The process involves multiple key steps. First, providers establish baseline measurements at the beginning of treatment. Then, they conduct periodic evaluations to compare current health status against these initial benchmarks. These check-ins help determine whether the current treatment strategy is effective or needs adjustment.


Modern technology has significantly enhanced this monitoring process. Electronic health records allow for more comprehensive tracking, enabling healthcare professionals to quickly identify trends and potential issues. Wearable devices and digital health platforms also provide real-time data that can supplement traditional medical assessments.


However, monitoring isn't just about numbers and charts. It's about understanding the patient's holistic experience. A good healthcare provider listens carefully to patient feedback, recognizing that medical data tells only part of the story.


Ultimately, effective treatment progress monitoring ensures patients receive personalized, responsive care that adapts to their changing health needs. It's a dynamic, collaborative process that requires skill, empathy, and continuous attention.

Monitoring and Adapting Orthodontic Care: A Continuous Journey


Orthodontic treatment is far more than simply placing braces or aligners on a patient's teeth. It's a dynamic, ongoing process that requires constant attention, assessment, and adaptation. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in ensuring the effectiveness and success of orthodontic interventions through diligent tracking and evaluation.


At the heart of this responsibility is the commitment to regular monitoring. During each follow-up appointment, orthodontists carefully examine the progress of tooth alignment, checking how teeth are moving and responding to the current treatment plan. This isn't just a casual glance, but a comprehensive assessment that involves detailed measurements, digital imaging, and careful analysis of the patient's dental development.


The real art of orthodontic care lies in the ability to make timely and precise adjustments. No two patients are exactly alike, and treatment plans must be flexible enough to accommodate individual variations in dental structure, growth patterns, and response to intervention. Sometimes this might mean slightly modifying the pressure of braces, changing the configuration of aligners, or even adjusting the overall treatment strategy.


Young patients, in particular, require special attention. As children grow, their dental anatomy changes, which means the orthodontic approach must evolve accordingly. Regular check-ups allow healthcare providers to track not just tooth alignment, but also jaw development, bite relationship, and overall oral health.


Technology has become an invaluable ally in this process. Advanced digital scanning, 3D imaging, and computer-assisted treatment planning enable orthodontists to track progress with unprecedented precision. These tools help create more personalized and effective treatment strategies.


Ultimately, the goal is to achieve not just straight teeth, but optimal dental health and function. This requires a holistic approach that goes beyond cosmetic considerations, focusing on long-term oral well-being and the patient's overall quality of life.


By maintaining a proactive, patient-centered approach to monitoring and adjusting orthodontic treatments, healthcare providers ensure that each individual receives the most effective, personalized care possible.

Psychological Support and Comfort: A Crucial Aspect of Healthcare Providers' Responsibilities


When we think about healthcare, our minds often jump to medical treatments, surgeries, and medications. However, there's a deeply human element that's equally important: psychological support and comfort. Healthcare providers aren't just treating physical symptoms; they're caring for whole human beings with complex emotional needs.


Imagine being in a hospital bed, vulnerable and scared. A compassionate healthcare provider who takes a moment to truly listen can make an enormous difference. It's not just about medical expertise, but about creating a sense of safety and understanding. Doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals play a critical role in helping patients navigate the emotional challenges of illness and treatment.


This support takes many forms. Sometimes it's a gentle explanation of a diagnosis, helping patients understand their condition without overwhelming them. Other times, it's holding a patient's hand during a difficult moment or offering words of encouragement. Psychological comfort can reduce anxiety, improve patient cooperation, and even contribute to better healing outcomes.


For patients facing serious or chronic conditions, emotional support becomes even more crucial. Healthcare providers must be sensitive to the fear, grief, and uncertainty that often accompany serious health challenges. They need to create a supportive environment where patients feel heard, respected, and cared for beyond their physical symptoms.


Training in empathy and communication is key. Healthcare professionals need to develop skills that go beyond medical knowledge - skills that allow them to connect with patients on a human level. It's about seeing the person, not just the patient.


Of course, providing psychological support isn't always easy. Healthcare providers themselves face significant emotional challenges, and maintaining compassion while managing their own stress is a delicate balance. Yet, it remains one of the most important aspects of quality healthcare.


In the end, healing is about more than just treating an illness. It's about supporting the entire human experience of health, vulnerability, and hope.

Addressing Children's Emotional Needs During Orthodontic Treatment


Orthodontic procedures can be intimidating for children, often triggering anxiety and fear. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in creating a supportive and compassionate environment that helps young patients feel safe and comfortable during their treatment.


The first step in managing children's emotional well-being is building trust. This begins from the very first consultation, where dentists and orthodontists should use age-appropriate communication, speak in gentle tones, and explain procedures in simple, non-threatening language. Children are perceptive and can quickly sense genuine care and empathy.


Creating a child-friendly environment is equally important. This might involve designing waiting areas with colorful decorations, providing child-sized furniture, and using visual aids that help explain treatments in an engaging manner. Some practices even incorporate interactive elements like educational videos or playful illustrations that demystify orthodontic procedures.


Healthcare providers should also focus on positive reinforcement. Praising children for their bravery, offering small rewards, and maintaining a calm, reassuring demeanor can significantly reduce anxiety. By transforming potentially scary medical experiences into manageable, even enjoyable interactions, professionals can help children develop a healthy attitude towards dental care.


Involving parents in the process and teaching them strategies to support their children's emotional needs is another critical aspect. Providers can offer guidance on how to discuss treatments, manage pre-appointment anxiety, and provide comfort during and after procedures.


Ultimately, the goal is to create a holistic approach that addresses not just the physical aspects of orthodontic treatment, but also the emotional and psychological well-being of young patients.

Preventive and Corrective Interventions: A Healthcare Provider's Crucial Responsibilities


Healthcare providers play a pivotal role in patient care, with preventive and corrective interventions forming the cornerstone of effective medical treatment. These approaches are not just medical procedures, but a comprehensive strategy to maintain and improve patient health.


Preventive interventions are proactive measures designed to stop potential health issues before they develop. This includes routine check-ups, vaccinations, health screenings, and patient education about lifestyle choices. For instance, a primary care physician might recommend regular blood pressure monitoring, cholesterol screenings, or discuss diet and exercise to prevent chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease.


Corrective interventions, on the other hand, focus on addressing existing health problems. These range from medical treatments and surgical procedures to rehabilitation and ongoing management of chronic conditions. When a patient presents with a specific health issue, healthcare providers must carefully diagnose the problem and develop a targeted treatment plan.


The most effective healthcare approach combines both preventive and corrective strategies. Providers must maintain open communication with patients, understanding their medical history, lifestyle, and individual health risks. This personalized approach allows for more precise and effective interventions.


Technology and medical research continue to enhance these interventions. Advanced diagnostic tools, personalized medicine, and comprehensive patient tracking systems enable healthcare providers to deliver more accurate and timely care.


Ultimately, the goal of these interventions is to improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance overall quality of life. By focusing on both prevention and correction, healthcare providers can make a significant difference in individual and community health.

Implementing Timely Orthodontic Treatments: A Critical Responsibility


As healthcare providers, we play a crucial role in ensuring children's long-term dental health through proactive and strategic orthodontic interventions. Orthodontic treatments are far more than just cosmetic procedures; they are essential medical interventions that can significantly impact a child's overall oral development and future quality of life.


Early detection of dental misalignments is key. By carefully monitoring children's dental growth during routine check-ups, healthcare providers can identify potential issues before they become complex problems. This might involve tracking tooth positioning, jaw development, and bite alignment from a very young age.


The benefits of timely orthodontic treatment extend well beyond aesthetic considerations. Proper alignment can prevent future complications like uneven tooth wear, jaw pain, speech difficulties, and potential digestive issues caused by improper chewing. Moreover, correcting misalignments early can boost a child's self-confidence and prevent more invasive treatments later in life.


Modern orthodontic approaches are increasingly sophisticated. We now have a range of options, from traditional braces to innovative clear aligners, allowing us to customize treatments to each child's unique dental structure. The goal is always to guide dental development gently and effectively, minimizing discomfort and maximizing long-term oral health outcomes.


Collaboration with parents is also critical. By educating families about the importance of early orthodontic intervention and providing clear, compassionate guidance, we can help children develop healthy dental habits and attitudes that will serve them throughout their lives.


Ultimately, implementing timely orthodontic treatments represents our commitment to comprehensive pediatric healthcare - a holistic approach that looks beyond immediate symptoms to support children's overall well-being.

Coordination with Other Healthcare Professionals


In the complex world of modern healthcare, effective coordination among different healthcare professionals is not just a nice-to-have-it's absolutely essential for delivering high-quality patient care. When doctors, nurses, specialists, therapists, and other medical professionals work together seamlessly, patients benefit from a more comprehensive and holistic approach to treatment.


Imagine a patient with a complicated medical condition. They might need input from a primary care physician, a specialist, a pharmacist, and potentially a physical therapist or mental health counselor. Without proper coordination, these professionals could work in isolation, potentially missing critical insights or creating gaps in the patient's care.


Effective coordination involves clear communication, shared electronic health records, regular case conferences, and a collaborative approach to treatment planning. Healthcare providers must be willing to listen to each other, share relevant information, and work towards a unified treatment strategy.


Technology has significantly improved this coordination in recent years. Electronic medical records allow instant sharing of patient information, while telemedicine platforms enable quick consultations between professionals across different locations.


The ultimate goal of this coordination is always the patient. By breaking down professional silos and fostering a team-based approach, healthcare providers can ensure more accurate diagnoses, more effective treatments, and ultimately, better patient outcomes.


While challenges remain, the healthcare industry is increasingly recognizing the critical importance of professional collaboration. As medical knowledge becomes more specialized, the need for seamless coordination will only continue to grow.

In the world of pediatric dental care, collaboration is key to providing the best possible treatment for young patients. Healthcare providers understand that a child's oral health is a complex and multifaceted journey that requires a team-based approach.


Pediatric dentists, oral surgeons, and other specialists work together to create a comprehensive care plan that addresses every aspect of a child's dental well-being. This isn't just about treating immediate concerns, but about developing a holistic strategy that supports long-term oral health.


For instance, a pediatric dentist might identify a complex dental issue that requires the expertise of an oral surgeon. By communicating effectively and sharing detailed patient information, these professionals can coordinate treatments that minimize stress and maximize outcomes for the child. An orthodontist might be brought in to address alignment issues, while a pediatric specialist can manage any underlying developmental concerns.


The collaborative approach goes beyond just medical intervention. These specialists also work together to create a supportive, child-friendly environment that reduces anxiety and promotes positive dental experiences. They share insights about a child's unique needs, medical history, and potential challenges to ensure a tailored, compassionate approach to treatment.


By breaking down traditional professional silos and embracing a team-oriented mindset, healthcare providers can deliver truly comprehensive dental care that supports children's overall health and well-being. This approach not only improves immediate treatment outcomes but also helps children develop lifelong positive attitudes toward dental health.

Ethical and Professional Standards: Responsibilities of Healthcare Providers in Treatment


Healthcare providers carry an immense responsibility that extends far beyond medical technical skills. Their professional obligations encompass a complex web of ethical considerations that demand both compassion and integrity.


At the core of these responsibilities is the fundamental principle of patient autonomy. Providers must respect each patient's right to make informed decisions about their own healthcare, which means thoroughly explaining treatment options, potential risks, and expected outcomes. This communication should be clear, honest, and delivered in a manner that empowers patients to understand their medical choices.


Confidentiality represents another critical ethical standard. Healthcare professionals are entrusted with deeply personal medical information and must protect patient privacy rigorously. This means maintaining strict protocols about sharing medical records and discussing patient details only with authorized individuals.


Equally important is the commitment to non-discrimination. Regardless of a patient's background, socioeconomic status, gender, race, or personal beliefs, healthcare providers must deliver equitable, high-quality care. Every individual deserves respectful and comprehensive medical treatment.


Competence and continuous learning are also essential professional responsibilities. Medical knowledge evolves rapidly, so providers must stay updated with the latest research, techniques, and best practices. This commitment ensures patients receive the most current and effective treatments available.


Ultimately, these ethical standards aren't just bureaucratic guidelines-they represent a profound moral commitment to human dignity and well-being. By adhering to these principles, healthcare providers transform medical treatment from a purely technical interaction into a deeply human experience of care and compassion.

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in delivering safe, ethical, and high-quality medical care, and this responsibility is particularly evident in maintaining professional standards and patient safety. At the core of their practice, healthcare professionals must consistently uphold rigorous ethical and clinical guidelines that protect patients and ensure the highest level of care.


Maintaining high professional standards means more than just technical competence. It involves a holistic approach to patient treatment that encompasses continuous learning, self-reflection, and a commitment to excellence. Physicians and healthcare workers must stay updated with the latest medical research, attend professional development workshops, and regularly evaluate their own practices to ensure they are providing the most current and effective treatments.


Patient safety is paramount in healthcare. This goes beyond simply avoiding medical errors; it involves creating a comprehensive environment of care that minimizes risks and prioritizes patient well-being. Healthcare providers must implement robust safety protocols, communicate clearly with patients, and create systems that prevent potential mistakes.


Obtaining informed consent is a critical ethical requirement that respects patient autonomy. This process involves thoroughly explaining medical procedures, potential risks, alternative treatments, and expected outcomes. Patients must fully understand what they are agreeing to, ensuring they can make truly informed decisions about their healthcare.


Adhering to recognized guidelines and best practices provides a standardized framework for delivering consistent, evidence-based care. These guidelines, developed by professional medical associations, represent the collective wisdom of experts and serve as a benchmark for quality treatment across different healthcare settings.


By embracing these principles, healthcare providers demonstrate their commitment to professionalism, patient rights, and the fundamental goal of medical practice: promoting health and healing with compassion, skill, and integrity.

Crossbite
Unilateral posterior crossbite
Specialty Orthodontics

In dentistry, crossbite is a form of malocclusion where a tooth (or teeth) has a more buccal or lingual position (that is, the tooth is either closer to the cheek or to the tongue) than its corresponding antagonist tooth in the upper or lower dental arch. In other words, crossbite is a lateral misalignment of the dental arches.[1][2]

Anterior crossbite

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Class 1 with anterior crossbite

An anterior crossbite can be referred as negative overjet, and is typical of class III skeletal relations (prognathism).

Primary/mixed dentitions

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An anterior crossbite in a child with baby teeth or mixed dentition may happen due to either dental misalignment or skeletal misalignment. Dental causes may be due to displacement of one or two teeth, where skeletal causes involve either mandibular hyperplasia, maxillary hypoplasia or combination of both.

Dental crossbite

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An anterior crossbite due to dental component involves displacement of either maxillary central or lateral incisors lingual to their original erupting positions. This may happen due to delayed eruption of the primary teeth leading to permanent teeth moving lingual to their primary predecessors. This will lead to anterior crossbite where upon biting, upper teeth are behind the lower front teeth and may involve few or all frontal incisors. In this type of crossbite, the maxillary and mandibular proportions are normal to each other and to the cranial base. Another reason that may lead to a dental crossbite is crowding in the maxillary arch. Permanent teeth will tend to erupt lingual to the primary teeth in presence of crowding. Side-effects caused by dental crossbite can be increased recession on the buccal of lower incisors and higher chance of inflammation in the same area. Another term for an anterior crossbite due to dental interferences is Pseudo Class III Crossbite or Malocclusion.

Single tooth crossbite

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Single tooth crossbites can occur due to uneruption of a primary teeth in a timely manner which causes permanent tooth to erupt in a different eruption pattern which is lingual to the primary tooth.[3] Single tooth crossbites are often fixed by using a finger-spring based appliances.[4][5] This type of spring can be attached to a removable appliance which is used by patient every day to correct the tooth position.

Skeletal crossbite

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An anterior crossbite due to skeletal reasons will involve a deficient maxilla and a more hyperplastic or overgrown mandible. People with this type of crossbite will have dental compensation which involves proclined maxillary incisors and retroclined mandibular incisors. A proper diagnosis can be made by having a person bite into their centric relation will show mandibular incisors ahead of the maxillary incisors, which will show the skeletal discrepancy between the two jaws.[6]

Posterior crossbite

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Bjork defined posterior crossbite as a malocclusion where the buccal cusps of canine, premolar and molar of upper teeth occlude lingually to the buccal cusps of canine, premolar and molar of lower teeth.[7] Posterior crossbite is often correlated to a narrow maxilla and upper dental arch. A posterior crossbite can be unilateral, bilateral, single-tooth or entire segment crossbite. Posterior crossbite has been reported to occur between 7–23% of the population.[8][9] The most common type of posterior crossbite to occur is the unilateral crossbite which occurs in 80% to 97% of the posterior crossbite cases.[10][3] Posterior crossbites also occur most commonly in primary and mixed dentition. This type of crossbite usually presents with a functional shift of the mandible towards the side of the crossbite. Posterior crossbite can occur due to either skeletal, dental or functional abnormalities. One of the common reasons for development of posterior crossbite is the size difference between maxilla and mandible, where maxilla is smaller than mandible.[11] Posterior crossbite can result due to

  • Upper Airway Obstruction where people with "adenoid faces" who have trouble breathing through their nose. They have an open bite malocclusion and present with development of posterior crossbite.[12]
  • Prolong digit or suckling habits which can lead to constriction of maxilla posteriorly[13]
  • Prolong pacifier use (beyond age 4)[13]

Connections with TMD

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Unilateral posterior crossbite

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Unilateral crossbite involves one side of the arch. The most common cause of unilateral crossbite is a narrow maxillary dental arch. This can happen due to habits such as digit sucking, prolonged use of pacifier or upper airway obstruction. Due to the discrepancy between the maxillary and mandibular arch, neuromuscular guidance of the mandible causes mandible to shift towards the side of the crossbite.[14] This is also known as Functional mandibular shift. This shift can become structural if left untreated for a long time during growth, leading to skeletal asymmetries. Unilateral crossbites can present with following features in a child

  • Lower midline deviation[15] to the crossbite side
  • Class 2 Subdivision relationships
  • Temporomandibular disorders [16]

Treatment

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A child with posterior crossbite should be treated immediately if the child shifts their mandible on closing, which is often seen in a unilateral crossbite as mentioned above. The best age to treat a child with crossbite is in their mixed dentition when their palatal sutures have not fused to each other. Palatal expansion allows more space in an arch to relieve crowding and correct posterior crossbite. The correction can include any type of palatal expanders that will expand the palate which resolves the narrow constriction of the maxilla.[9] There are several therapies that can be used to correct a posterior crossbite: braces, 'Z' spring or cantilever spring, quad helix, removable plates, clear aligner therapy, or a Delaire mask. The correct therapy should be decided by the orthodontist depending on the type and severity of the crossbite.

One of the keys in diagnosing the anterior crossbite due to skeletal vs dental causes is diagnosing a CR-CO shift in a patient. An adolescent presenting with anterior crossbite may be positioning their mandible forward into centric occlusion (CO) due to the dental interferences. Thus finding their occlusion in centric relation (CR) is key in diagnosis. For anterior crossbite, if their CO matches their CR then the patient truly has a skeletal component to their crossbite. If the CR shows a less severe class 3 malocclusion or teeth not in anterior crossbite, this may mean that their anterior crossbite results due to dental interferences.[17]

Goal to treat unilateral crossbites should definitely include removal of occlusal interferences and elimination of the functional shift. Treating posterior crossbites early may help prevent the occurrence of Temporomandibular joint pathology.[18]

Unilateral crossbites can also be diagnosed and treated properly by using a Deprogramming splint. This splint has flat occlusal surface which causes the muscles to deprogram themselves and establish new sensory engrams. When the splint is removed, a proper centric relation bite can be diagnosed from the bite.[19]

Self-correction

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Literature states that very few crossbites tend to self-correct which often justify the treatment approach of correcting these bites as early as possible.[9] Only 0–9% of crossbites self-correct. Lindner et al. reported that 50% of crossbites were corrected in 76 four-year-old children.[20]

See also

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  • List of palatal expanders
  • Palatal expansion
  • Malocclusion

References

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  1. ^ "Elsevier: Proffit: Contemporary Orthodontics · Welcome". www.contemporaryorthodontics.com. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  2. ^ Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F (October 2009). "Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children". European Journal of Orthodontics. 31 (5): 477–84. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjp031. PMID 19477970.
  3. ^ a b Kutin, George; Hawes, Roland R. (1969-11-01). "Posterior cross-bites in the deciduous and mixed dentitions". American Journal of Orthodontics. 56 (5): 491–504. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(69)90210-3. PMID 5261162.
  4. ^ Zietsman, S. T.; Visagé, W.; Coetzee, W. J. (2000-11-01). "Palatal finger springs in removable orthodontic appliances--an in vitro study". South African Dental Journal. 55 (11): 621–627. ISSN 1029-4864. PMID 12608226.
  5. ^ Ulusoy, Ayca Tuba; Bodrumlu, Ebru Hazar (2013-01-01). "Management of anterior dental crossbite with removable appliances". Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 4 (2): 223–226. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.114855. ISSN 0976-237X. PMC 3757887. PMID 24015014.
  6. ^ Al-Hummayani, Fadia M. (2017-03-05). "Pseudo Class III malocclusion". Saudi Medical Journal. 37 (4): 450–456. doi:10.15537/smj.2016.4.13685. ISSN 0379-5284. PMC 4852025. PMID 27052290.
  7. ^ Bjoerk, A.; Krebs, A.; Solow, B. (1964-02-01). "A Method for Epidemiological Registration of Malocculusion". Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 22: 27–41. doi:10.3109/00016356408993963. ISSN 0001-6357. PMID 14158468.
  8. ^ Moyers, Robert E. (1988-01-01). Handbook of orthodontics. Year Book Medical Publishers. ISBN 9780815160038.
  9. ^ a b c Thilander, Birgit; Lennartsson, Bertil (2002-09-01). "A study of children with unilateral posterior crossbite, treated and untreated, in the deciduous dentition--occlusal and skeletal characteristics of significance in predicting the long-term outcome". Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 63 (5): 371–383. doi:10.1007/s00056-002-0210-6. ISSN 1434-5293. PMID 12297966. S2CID 21857769.
  10. ^ Thilander, Birgit; Wahlund, Sonja; Lennartsson, Bertil (1984-01-01). "The effect of early interceptive treatment in children with posterior cross-bite". The European Journal of Orthodontics. 6 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1093/ejo/6.1.25. ISSN 0141-5387. PMID 6583062.
  11. ^ Allen, David; Rebellato, Joe; Sheats, Rose; Ceron, Ana M. (2003-10-01). "Skeletal and dental contributions to posterior crossbites". The Angle Orthodontist. 73 (5): 515–524. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 14580018.
  12. ^ Bresolin, D.; Shapiro, P. A.; Shapiro, G. G.; Chapko, M. K.; Dassel, S. (1983-04-01). "Mouth breathing in allergic children: its relationship to dentofacial development". American Journal of Orthodontics. 83 (4): 334–340. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(83)90229-4. ISSN 0002-9416. PMID 6573147.
  13. ^ a b Ogaard, B.; Larsson, E.; Lindsten, R. (1994-08-01). "The effect of sucking habits, cohort, sex, intercanine arch widths, and breast or bottle feeding on posterior crossbite in Norwegian and Swedish 3-year-old children". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 106 (2): 161–166. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70034-6. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 8059752.
  14. ^ Piancino, Maria Grazia; Kyrkanides, Stephanos (2016-04-18). Understanding Masticatory Function in Unilateral Crossbites. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118971871.
  15. ^ Brin, Ilana; Ben-Bassat, Yocheved; Blustein, Yoel; Ehrlich, Jacob; Hochman, Nira; Marmary, Yitzhak; Yaffe, Avinoam (1996-02-01). "Skeletal and functional effects of treatment for unilateral posterior crossbite". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 109 (2): 173–179. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(96)70178-6. PMID 8638566.
  16. ^ Pullinger, A. G.; Seligman, D. A.; Gornbein, J. A. (1993-06-01). "A multiple logistic regression analysis of the risk and relative odds of temporomandibular disorders as a function of common occlusal features". Journal of Dental Research. 72 (6): 968–979. doi:10.1177/00220345930720061301. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 8496480. S2CID 25351006.
  17. ^ COSTEA, CARMEN MARIA; BADEA, MÎNDRA EUGENIA; VASILACHE, SORIN; MESAROÅž, MICHAELA (2016-01-01). "Effects of CO-CR discrepancy in daily orthodontic treatment planning". Clujul Medical. 89 (2): 279–286. doi:10.15386/cjmed-538. ISSN 1222-2119. PMC 4849388. PMID 27152081.
  18. ^ Kennedy, David B.; Osepchook, Matthew (2005-09-01). "Unilateral posterior crossbite with mandibular shift: a review". Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 71 (8): 569–573. ISSN 1488-2159. PMID 16202196.
  19. ^ Nielsen, H. J.; Bakke, M.; Blixencrone-Møller, T. (1991-12-01). "[Functional and orthodontic treatment of a patient with an open bite craniomandibular disorder]". Tandlaegebladet. 95 (18): 877–881. ISSN 0039-9353. PMID 1817382.
  20. ^ Lindner, A. (1989-10-01). "Longitudinal study on the effect of early interceptive treatment in 4-year-old children with unilateral cross-bite". Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research. 97 (5): 432–438. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1989.tb01457.x. ISSN 0029-845X. PMID 2617141.
[edit]

 

 

International children in traditional clothing at Liberty Weekend

A child (pl.children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty,[1][2] or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty.[3] The term may also refer to an unborn human being.[4][5] In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of child generally refers to a minor, in this case as a person younger than the local age of majority (there are exceptions like, for example, the consume and purchase of alcoholic beverage even after said age of majority[6]), regardless of their physical, mental and sexual development as biological adults.[1][7][8] Children generally have fewer rights and responsibilities than adults. They are generally classed as unable to make serious decisions.

Child may also describe a relationship with a parent (such as sons and daughters of any age)[9] or, metaphorically, an authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties."[10]

[edit]
Children playing ball games, Roman artwork, 2nd century AD

In the biological sciences, a child is usually defined as a person between birth and puberty,[1][2] or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty.[3] Legally, the term child may refer to anyone below the age of majority or some other age limit.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines child as, "A human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier."[11] This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. The term child may also refer to someone below another legally defined age limit unconnected to the age of majority. In Singapore, for example, a child is legally defined as someone under the age of 14 under the "Children and Young Persons Act" whereas the age of majority is 21.[12][13] In U.S. Immigration Law, a child refers to anyone who is under the age of 21.[14]

Some English definitions of the word child include the fetus (sometimes termed the unborn).[15] In many cultures, a child is considered an adult after undergoing a rite of passage, which may or may not correspond to the time of puberty.

Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as unable to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult or child custody, whether their parents divorce or not.

Developmental stages of childhood

[edit]

Early childhood

[edit]
Children playing the violin in a group recital, Ithaca, New York, 2011
Children in Madagascar, 2011
Child playing piano, 1984

Early childhood follows the infancy stage and begins with toddlerhood when the child begins speaking or taking steps independently.[16][17] While toddlerhood ends around age 3 when the child becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues approximately until the age of 5 or 6. However, according to the National Association for the Education of Young Children, early childhood also includes infancy. At this stage children are learning through observing, experimenting and communicating with others. Adults supervise and support the development process of the child, which then will lead to the child's autonomy. Also during this stage, a strong emotional bond is created between the child and the care providers. The children also start preschool and kindergarten at this age: and hence their social lives.

Middle childhood

[edit]

Middle childhood begins at around age 7, and ends at around age 9 or 10.[18] Together, early and middle childhood are called formative years. In this middle period, children develop socially and mentally. They are at a stage where they make new friends and gain new skills, which will enable them to become more independent and enhance their individuality. During middle childhood, children enter the school years, where they are presented with a different setting than they are used to. This new setting creates new challenges and faces for children.[19] Upon the entrance of school, mental disorders that would normally not be noticed come to light. Many of these disorders include: autism, dyslexia, dyscalculia, and ADHD.[20]: 303–309  Special education, least restrictive environment, response to intervention and individualized education plans are all specialized plans to help children with disabilities.[20]: 310–311 

Middle childhood is the time when children begin to understand responsibility and are beginning to be shaped by their peers and parents. Chores and more responsible decisions come at this time, as do social comparison and social play.[20]: 338  During social play, children learn from and teach each other, often through observation.[21]

Late childhood

[edit]

Preadolescence is a stage of human development following early childhood and preceding adolescence. Preadolescence is commonly defined as ages 9–12, ending with the major onset of puberty, with markers such as menarche, spermarche, and the peak of height velocity occurring. These changes usually occur between ages 11 and 14. It may also be defined as the 2-year period before the major onset of puberty.[22] Preadolescence can bring its own challenges and anxieties. Preadolescent children have a different view of the world from younger children in many significant ways. Typically, theirs is a more realistic view of life than the intense, fantasy-oriented world of earliest childhood. Preadolescents have more mature, sensible, realistic thoughts and actions: 'the most "sensible" stage of development...the child is a much less emotional being now.'[23] Preadolescents may well view human relationships differently (e.g. they may notice the flawed, human side of authority figures). Alongside that, they may begin to develop a sense of self-identity, and to have increased feelings of independence: 'may feel an individual, no longer "just one of the family."'[24]

Developmental stages post-childhood

[edit]

Adolescence

[edit]
An adolescent girl, photographed by Paolo Monti

Adolescence is usually determined to be between the onset of puberty and legal adulthood: mostly corresponding to the teenage years (13–19). However, puberty usually begins before the teenage years (10—11 for girls and 11—12 for boys). Although biologically a child is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty,[1][2] adolescents are legally considered children, as they tend to lack adult rights and are still required to attend compulsory schooling in many cultures, though this varies. The onset of adolescence brings about various physical, psychological and behavioral changes. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function, and even within a single nation-state or culture there may be different ages at which an individual is considered to be mature enough to be entrusted by society with certain tasks.

History

[edit]
Playing Children, by Song dynasty Chinese artist Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.

During the European Renaissance, artistic depictions of children increased dramatically, which did not have much effect on the social attitude toward children, however.[25]

The French historian Philippe Ariès argued that during the 1600s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe,[26] however other historians like Nicholas Orme have challenged this view and argued that childhood has been seen as a separate stage since at least the medieval period.[27] Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them. The English philosopher John Locke was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children, especially with regard to his theory of the tabula rasa, which considered the mind at birth to be a "blank slate". A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. During the early period of capitalism, the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the Protestant countries of the Dutch Republic and England, brought about a new family ideology centred around the upbringing of children. Puritanism stressed the importance of individual salvation and concern for the spiritual welfare of children.[28]

The Age of Innocence c. 1785/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.

The modern notion of childhood with its own autonomy and goals began to emerge during the 18th-century Enlightenment and the Romantic period that followed it.[29][30] Jean Jacques Rousseau formulated the romantic attitude towards children in his famous 1762 novel Emile: or, On Education. Building on the ideas of John Locke and other 17th-century thinkers, Jean-Jaques Rousseau described childhood as a brief period of sanctuary before people encounter the perils and hardships of adulthood.[29] Sir Joshua Reynolds' extensive children portraiture demonstrated the new enlightened attitudes toward young children. His 1788 painting The Age of Innocence emphasizes the innocence and natural grace of the posing child and soon became a public favourite.[31]

Brazilian princesses Leopoldina (left) and Isabel (center) with an unidentified friend, c. 1860.

The idea of childhood as a locus of divinity, purity, and innocence is further expounded upon in William Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", the imagery of which he "fashioned from a complex mix of pastoral aesthetics, pantheistic views of divinity, and an idea of spiritual purity based on an Edenic notion of pastoral innocence infused with Neoplatonic notions of reincarnation".[30] This Romantic conception of childhood, historian Margaret Reeves suggests, has a longer history than generally recognized, with its roots traceable to similarly imaginative constructions of childhood circulating, for example, in the neo-platonic poetry of seventeenth-century metaphysical poet Henry Vaughan (e.g., "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Such views contrasted with the stridently didactic, Calvinist views of infant depravity.[32]

Armenian scouts in 1918

With the onset of industrialisation in England in 1760, the divergence between high-minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the growing magnitude of child exploitation in the workplace, became increasingly apparent. By the late 18th century, British children were specially employed in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps,[33] often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay.[34] As the century wore on, the contradiction between the conditions on the ground for poor children and the middle-class notion of childhood as a time of simplicity and innocence led to the first campaigns for the imposition of legal protection for children.

British reformers attacked child labor from the 1830s onward, bolstered by the horrific descriptions of London street life by Charles Dickens.[35] The campaign eventually led to the Factory Acts, which mitigated the exploitation of children at the workplace[33][36]

Modern concepts of childhood

[edit]
Children play in a fountain in a summer evening, Davis, California.
An old man and his granddaughter in Turkey.
Nepalese children playing with cats.
Harari girls in Ethiopia.

The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century; the Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child – an attitude that has remained dominant in Western societies ever since.[37] The genre of children's literature took off, with a proliferation of humorous, child-oriented books attuned to the child's imagination. Lewis Carroll's fantasy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, published in 1865 in England, was a landmark in the genre; regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children", its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature.

The latter half of the 19th century saw the introduction of compulsory state schooling of children across Europe, which decisively removed children from the workplace into schools.[38][39]

The market economy of the 19th century enabled the concept of childhood as a time of fun, happiness, and imagination. Factory-made dolls and doll houses delighted the girls and organized sports and activities were played by the boys.[40] The Boy Scouts was founded by Sir Robert Baden-Powell in 1908,[41][42] which provided young boys with outdoor activities aiming at developing character, citizenship, and personal fitness qualities.[43]

In the 20th century, Philippe Ariès, a French historian specializing in medieval history, suggested that childhood was not a natural phenomenon, but a creation of society in his 1960 book Centuries of Childhood. In 1961 he published a study of paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records, finding that before the 17th century, children were represented as mini-adults.

In 1966, the American philosopher George Boas published the book The Cult of Childhood. Since then, historians have increasingly researched childhood in past times.[44]

In 2006, Hugh Cunningham published the book Invention of Childhood, looking at British childhood from the year 1000, the Middle Ages, to what he refers to as the Post War Period of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.[45]

Childhood evolves and changes as lifestyles change and adult expectations alter. In the modern era, many adults believe that children should not have any worries or work, as life should be happy and trouble-free. Childhood is seen as a mixture of simplicity, innocence, happiness, fun, imagination, and wonder. It is thought of as a time of playing, learning, socializing, exploring, and worrying in a world without much adult interference.[29][30]

A "loss of innocence" is a common concept, and is often seen as an integral part of coming of age. It is usually thought of as an experience or period in a child's life that widens their awareness of evil, pain or the world around them. This theme is demonstrated in the novels To Kill a Mockingbird and Lord of the Flies. The fictional character Peter Pan was the embodiment of a childhood that never ends.[46][47]

Healthy childhoods

[edit]

Role of parents

[edit]

Children's health

[edit]

Children's health includes the physical, mental and social well-being of children. Maintaining children's health implies offering them healthy foods, insuring they get enough sleep and exercise, and protecting their safety.[48] Children in certain parts of the world often suffer from malnutrition, which is often associated with other conditions, such diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.[49]

Child protection

[edit]

Child protection, according to UNICEF, refers to "preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children – including commercial sexual exploitation, trafficking, child labour and harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation/cutting and child marriage".[50] The Convention on the Rights of the Child protects the fundamental rights of children.

Play

[edit]
Dancing at Mother of Peace AIDs orphanage, Zimbabwe

Play is essential to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children.[51] It offers children opportunities for physical (running, jumping, climbing, etc.), intellectual (social skills, community norms, ethics and general knowledge) and emotional development (empathy, compassion, and friendships). Unstructured play encourages creativity and imagination. Playing and interacting with other children, as well as some adults, provides opportunities for friendships, social interactions, conflicts and resolutions. However, adults tend to (often mistakenly) assume that virtually all children's social activities can be understood as "play" and, furthermore, that children's play activities do not involve much skill or effort.[52][53][54][55]

It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them. Play allows children to create and explore a world they can master, conquering their fears while practicing adult roles, sometimes in conjunction with other children or adult caregivers.[51] Undirected play allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to learn self-advocacy skills. However, when play is controlled by adults, children acquiesce to adult rules and concerns and lose some of the benefits play offers them. This is especially true in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills.[51]

Ralph Hedley, The Tournament, 1898. It depicts poorer boys playing outdoors in a rural part of the Northeast of England.

Play is considered to be very important to optimal child development that it has been recognized by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights as a right of every child.[11] Children who are being raised in a hurried and pressured style may limit the protective benefits they would gain from child-driven play.[51]

The initiation of play in a classroom setting allows teachers and students to interact through playfulness associated with a learning experience. Therefore, playfulness aids the interactions between adults and children in a learning environment. “Playful Structure” means to combine informal learning with formal learning to produce an effective learning experience for children at a young age.[56]

Even though play is considered to be the most important to optimal child development, the environment affects their play and therefore their development. Poor children confront widespread environmental inequities as they experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more authoritarian. Children from low income families are less likely to have access to books and computers which would enhance their development.[57]

Street culture

[edit]
Children in front of a movie theatre, Toronto, 1920s.

Children's street culture refers to the cumulative culture created by young children and is sometimes referred to as their secret world. It is most common in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It is strongest in urban working class industrial districts where children are traditionally free to play out in the streets for long periods without supervision. It is invented and largely sustained by children themselves with little adult interference.

Young children's street culture usually takes place on quiet backstreets and pavements, and along routes that venture out into local parks, playgrounds, scrub and wasteland, and to local shops. It often imposes imaginative status on certain sections of the urban realm (local buildings, kerbs, street objects, etc.). Children designate specific areas that serve as informal meeting and relaxation places (see: Sobel, 2001). An urban area that looks faceless or neglected to an adult may have deep 'spirit of place' meanings in to children. Since the advent of indoor distractions such as video games, and television, concerns have been expressed about the vitality – or even the survival – of children's street culture.

Geographies of childhood

[edit]

The geographies of childhood involves how (adult) society perceives the idea of childhood, the many ways adult attitudes and behaviors affect children's lives, including the environment which surrounds children and its implications.[58]

The geographies of childhood is similar in some respects to children's geographies which examines the places and spaces in which children live.[59]

Nature deficit disorder

[edit]

Nature Deficit Disorder, a term coined by Richard Louv in his 2005 book Last Child in the Woods, refers to the trend in the United States and Canada towards less time for outdoor play,[60][61] resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems.[62]

With increasing use of cellphones, computers, video games and television, children have more reasons to stay inside rather than outdoors exploring. “The average American child spends 44 hours a week with electronic media”.[63] Research in 2007 has drawn a correlation between the declining number of National Park visits in the U.S. and increasing consumption of electronic media by children.[64] The media has accelerated the trend for children's nature disconnection by deemphasizing views of nature, as in Disney films.[65]

Age of responsibility

[edit]

The age at which children are considered responsible for their society-bound actions (e. g. marriage, voting, etc.) has also changed over time,[66] and this is reflected in the way they are treated in courts of law. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, a position later adopted by the Church. In the 19th century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime. Children from the age of seven forward were considered responsible for their actions. Therefore, they could face criminal charges, be sent to adult prison, and be punished like adults by whipping, branding or hanging. However, courts at the time would consider the offender's age when deliberating sentencing.[citation needed] Minimum employment age and marriage age also vary. The age limit of voluntary/involuntary military service is also disputed at the international level.[67]

Education

[edit]
Children in an outdoor classroom in Bié, Angola
Children seated in a Finnish classroom at the school of Torvinen in Sodankylä, Finland, in the 1920s

Education, in the general sense, refers to the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and preparing intellectually for mature life.[68] Formal education most often takes place through schooling. A right to education has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the United Nations' 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) recognizes the right of everyone to an education.[69] Education is compulsory in most places up to a certain age, but attendance at school may not be, with alternative options such as home-schooling or e-learning being recognized as valid forms of education in certain jurisdictions.

Children in some countries (especially in parts of Africa and Asia) are often kept out of school, or attend only for short periods. Data from UNICEF indicate that in 2011, 57 million children were out of school; and more than 20% of African children have never attended primary school or have left without completing primary education.[70] According to a UN report, warfare is preventing 28 million children worldwide from receiving an education, due to the risk of sexual violence and attacks in schools.[71] Other factors that keep children out of school include poverty, child labor, social attitudes, and long distances to school.[72][73]

Attitudes toward children

[edit]
Group of breaker boys in Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. Child labor was widespread until the early 20th century. In the 21st century, child labor rates are highest in Africa.

Social attitudes toward children differ around the world in various cultures and change over time. A 1988 study on European attitudes toward the centrality of children found that Italy was more child-centric and the Netherlands less child-centric, with other countries, such as Austria, Great Britain, Ireland and West Germany falling in between.[74]

Child marriage

[edit]

In 2013, child marriage rates of female children under the age of 18 reached 75% in Niger, 68% in Central African Republic and Chad, 66% in Bangladesh, and 47% in India.[75] According to a 2019 UNICEF report on child marriage, 37% of females were married before the age of 18 in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by South Asia at 30%. Lower levels were found in Latin America and Caribbean (25%), the Middle East and North Africa (18%), and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (11%), while rates in Western Europe and North America were minimal.[76] Child marriage is more prevalent with girls, but also involves boys. A 2018 study in the journal Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies found that, worldwide, 4.5% of males are married before age 18, with the Central African Republic having the highest average rate at 27.9%.[77]

Fertility and number of children per woman

[edit]

Before contraception became widely available in the 20th century, women had little choice other than abstinence or having often many children. In fact, current population growth concerns have only become possible with drastically reduced child mortality and sustained fertility. In 2017 the global total fertility rate was estimated to be 2.37 children per woman,[78] adding about 80 million people to the world population per year. In order to measure the total number of children, scientists often prefer the completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50).[78] Although the number of children is also influenced by cultural norms, religion, peer pressure and other social factors, the CCF50 appears to be most heavily dependent on the educational level of women, ranging from 5–8 children in women without education to less than 2 in women with 12 or more years of education.[78]

Issues

[edit]

Emergencies and conflicts

[edit]

Emergencies and conflicts pose detrimental risks to the health, safety, and well-being of children. There are many different kinds of conflicts and emergencies, e.g. wars and natural disasters. As of 2010 approximately 13 million children are displaced by armed conflicts and violence around the world.[79] Where violent conflicts are the norm, the lives of young children are significantly disrupted and their families have great difficulty in offering the sensitive and consistent care that young children need for their healthy development.[79] Studies on the effect of emergencies and conflict on the physical and mental health of children between birth and 8 years old show that where the disaster is natural, the rate of PTSD occurs in anywhere from 3 to 87 percent of affected children.[80] However, rates of PTSD for children living in chronic conflict conditions varies from 15 to 50 percent.[81][82]

Child protection

[edit]
 

Child protection (also called child welfare) is the safeguarding of children from violence, exploitation, abuse, abandonment, and neglect.[83][84][85][86] It involves identifying signs of potential harm. This includes responding to allegations or suspicions of abuse, providing support and services to protect children, and holding those who have harmed them accountable.[87]

The primary goal of child protection is to ensure that all children are safe and free from harm or danger.[86][88] Child protection also works to prevent future harm by creating policies and systems that identify and respond to risks before they lead to harm.[89]

In order to achieve these goals, research suggests that child protection services should be provided in a holistic way.[90][91][92] This means taking into account the social, economic, cultural, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the risk of harm for individual children and their families. Collaboration across sectors and disciplines to create a comprehensive system of support and safety for children is required.[93][94]

It is the responsibility of individuals, organizations, and governments to ensure that children are protected from harm and their rights are respected.[95] This includes providing a safe environment for children to grow and develop, protecting them from physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and ensuring they have access to education, healthcare, and resources to fulfill their basic needs.[96]

Child protection systems are a set of services, usually government-run, designed to protect children and young people who are underage and to encourage family stability. UNICEF defines[97] a 'child protection system' as:

"The set of laws, policies, regulations and services needed across all social sectors – especially social welfare, education, health, security and justice – to support prevention and response to protection-related risks. These systems are part of social protection, and extend beyond it. At the level of prevention, their aim includes supporting and strengthening families to reduce social exclusion, and to lower the risk of separation, violence and exploitation. Responsibilities are often spread across government agencies, with services delivered by local authorities, non-State providers, and community groups, making coordination between sectors and levels, including routine referral systems etc.., a necessary component of effective child protection systems."

— United Nations Economic and Social Council (2008), UNICEF Child Protection Strategy, E/ICEF/2008/5/Rev.1, par. 12–13.

Under Article 19 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, a 'child protection system' provides for the protection of children in and out of the home. One of the ways this can be enabled is through the provision of quality education, the fourth of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in addition to other child protection systems. Some literature argues that child protection begins at conception; even how the conception took place can affect the child's development.[98]

Child abuse and child labor

[edit]

Protection of children from abuse is considered an important contemporary goal. This includes protecting children from exploitation such as child labor, child trafficking and child selling, child sexual abuse, including child prostitution and child pornography, military use of children, and child laundering in illegal adoptions. There exist several international instruments for these purposes, such as:

  • Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
  • Minimum Age Convention, 1973
  • Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
  • Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse
  • Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
  • Hague Adoption Convention

Climate change

[edit]
 
A child at a climate demonstration in Juneau, Alaska

Children are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than adults. The World Health Organization estimated that 88% of the existing global burden of disease caused by climate change affects children under five years of age.[99] A Lancet review on health and climate change lists children as the worst-affected category by climate change.[100] Children under 14 are 44 percent more likely to die from environmental factors,[101] and those in urban areas are disproportionately impacted by lower air quality and overcrowding.[102]

Children are physically more vulnerable to climate change in all its forms.[103] Climate change affects the physical health of children and their well-being. Prevailing inequalities, between and within countries, determine how climate change impacts children.[104] Children often have no voice in terms of global responses to climate change.[103]

People living in low-income countries experience a higher burden of disease and are less capable of coping with climate change-related threats.[105] Nearly every child in the world is at risk from climate change and pollution, while almost half are at extreme risk.[106]

Health

[edit]

Child mortality

[edit]
World infant mortality rates in 2012.[107]

During the early 17th century in England, about two-thirds of all children died before the age of four.[108] During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.[109] This has continued in England, and in the 21st century child mortality rates have fallen across the world. About 12.6 million under-five infants died worldwide in 1990, which declined to 6.6 million in 2012. The infant mortality rate dropped from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 48 in 2012. The highest average infant mortality rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, at 98 deaths per 1,000 live births – over double the world's average.[107]

See also

[edit]
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  • Outline of childhood
  • Child slavery
  • Childlessness
  • Depression in childhood and adolescence
  • One-child policy
  • Religion and children
  • Youth rights
  • Archaeology of childhood

Sources

[edit]
  •  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education​, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO.
  •  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Creating sustainable futures for all; Global education monitoring report, 2016; Gender review​, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

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Further reading

[edit]
  • Cook, Daniel Thomas. The moral project of childhood: Motherhood, material life, and early children's consumer culture (NYU Press, 2020). online book see also online review
  • Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, and Jim Goddard. Contemporary child care policy and practice (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) online
  • Hutchison, Elizabeth D., and Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Securing the welfare of children: Policies past, present, and future." Families in Society 81.6 (2000): 576–585.
  • Fass, Paula S. The end of American childhood: A history of parenting from life on the frontier to the managed child (Princeton University Press, 2016).
  • Fass, Paula S. ed. The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World (2012) online
  • Klass, Perri. The Best Medicine: How Science and Public Health Gave Children a Future (WW Norton & Company, 2020) online
  • Michail, Samia. "Understanding school responses to students’ challenging behaviour: A review of literature." Improving schools 14.2 (2011): 156–171. online
  • Sorin, Reesa. Changing images of childhood: Reconceptualising early childhood practice (Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne, 2005) online.
  • Sorin, Reesa. "Childhood through the eyes of the child and parent." Journal of Australian Research in Early Childhood Education 14.1 (2007). online
  • Vissing, Yvonne. "History of Children’s Human Rights in the USA." in Children's Human Rights in the USA: Challenges and Opportunities (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) pp. 181–212.
  • Yuen, Francis K.O. Social work practice with children and families: a family health approach (Routledge, 2014) online.
Preceded by
Toddlerhood
Stages of human development
Childhood
Succeeded by
Preadolescence

 

Frequently Asked Questions

An orthodontists key responsibilities include: conducting comprehensive initial assessments, creating personalized treatment plans, monitoring progress, explaining treatment procedures, managing potential complications, and ensuring the childs comfort and understanding throughout the orthodontic process.
The orthodontist ensures safety by: using sterilized equipment, following strict hygiene protocols, conducting regular health screenings, using age-appropriate techniques, explaining procedures to minimize anxiety, monitoring potential side effects, and maintaining detailed medical records.
The orthodontist should provide: a detailed treatment plan, estimated duration of treatment, expected outcomes, potential risks, cost breakdown, recommended oral hygiene practices, follow-up schedule, and clear communication about each stage of the orthodontic process.