When embarking on the journey of system upgrades, one crucial aspect often underlines the success of the entire process: proper documentation. Identifying official documents required for system upgrades is a fundamental step that not only ensures clarity and organization but also mitigates potential risks associated with such transitions.
Firstly, an effective upgrade begins with a comprehensive project plan. This document serves as the roadmap for what is to follow. It outlines the objectives, scope, timelines, and resources involved in the upgrade process. Refrigerant levels should be checked regularly in mobile home systems mobile home hvac duct manufactured housing. A well-structured project plan will lay down clear guidelines on how to proceed and keep all stakeholders informed about their roles and responsibilities.
Another critical document is the risk assessment report. Upgrading systems inherently comes with certain risks-be it data loss, downtime, or compatibility issues. A detailed risk assessment report helps in identifying potential risks early on and devising strategies to mitigate them. This document provides stakeholders with insights into what could go wrong, thereby allowing them to prepare contingency plans accordingly.
Furthermore, a change management plan is essential in ensuring smooth transitions during system upgrades. This document outlines how changes will be communicated within the organization and how they are going to be implemented without disrupting ongoing operations. It includes training schedules for employees who need to adapt to new systems or processes, ensuring that everyone remains productive throughout the upgrade phase.
Vendor agreements and contracts also play a significant role in system upgrades. These documents define the terms of service between your organization and third-party vendors supplying software or hardware components necessary for the upgrade. Clear agreements prevent misunderstandings regarding deliverables, warranties, support services, and costs involved.
Additionally, configuration management documentation cannot be overlooked. As you upgrade systems, keeping track of configurations before and after changes is vital for troubleshooting any issues that may arise post-upgrade. Documenting configurations allows IT teams to revert systems back to their previous states if something goes awry during implementation.
Lastly, user manuals or guides should be updated as part of preparing official documents for system upgrades. These materials are indispensable resources for end-users who will interact with upgraded systems daily. Clear instructions help reduce frustration among users who might otherwise struggle with new interfaces or functionalities.
In conclusion, identifying official documents required for system upgrades demands meticulous attention but pays off by providing structured guidance throughout each phase of upgrading efforts-ensuring smoother transitions while minimizing disruptions across organizational landscapes.
In the ever-evolving realm of technology, system upgrades are a necessary measure to ensure that organizations remain competitive and efficient. A critical step in this process is gathering existing documentation and system specifications, which lays the groundwork for successful upgrades. This task might seem mundane to some, but it serves as the cornerstone of a well-executed upgrade strategy. It involves delving into the depths of existing systems to retrieve valuable insights that inform future enhancements.
To begin with, understanding the current state of a system is imperative before embarking on any upgrade journey. Existing documentation provides an intricate map of how systems have been configured and maintained over time. It includes user manuals, configuration files, architectural diagrams, and historical data on updates or patches applied. These documents are not just records; they are narratives that tell the story of a system's evolution. By meticulously reviewing them, IT teams can identify legacy issues or vulnerabilities that need addressing in upcoming upgrades.
System specifications are another crucial piece of this puzzle. They detail the technical blueprint of hardware and software components currently in use. Specifications cover everything from processor types and memory capacity to software versions and compatibility requirements. Having accurate specifications at hand ensures that any new upgrades will integrate seamlessly with existing infrastructure without unexpected hitches.
The process of gathering these documents requires collaboration across different departments within an organization. IT professionals work closely with business units to understand their specific needs and expectations from upgraded systems. This interdisciplinary approach ensures that all voices are heard and considered during the planning phase.
Moreover, having comprehensive documentation helps in risk assessment and management during upgrades. Understanding what has worked well in the past-or what hasn't-enables teams to anticipate potential pitfalls before they occur. It also aids in creating contingency plans should unforeseen challenges arise during implementation.
Once gathered, this treasure trove of information must be organized systematically for ease of access by all stakeholders involved in the upgrade process. Standardizing documentation formats can facilitate smoother communication between technical teams and decision-makers who may not be privy to every detail but need enough context to make informed choices.
In conclusion, gathering existing documentation and system specifications is more than just an administrative task; it is an essential strategic exercise that underpins successful system upgrades. By investing time and effort into understanding where you stand today through thorough documentation review, you pave a clearer path toward where you aspire to be tomorrow-a place marked by enhanced performance, greater security measures, streamlined processes, or whatever goals your organizational vision encompasses for its technological future.
When faced with the need for HVAC repairs in a mobile home, it's essential to choose a reliable service provider who can effectively address your needs without causing undue financial strain.. Understanding the cost breakdown of these repairs can be an enlightening process that not only helps in budgeting but also ensures you’re getting quality service.
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When contemplating HVAC upgrades in mobile homes, the decision-making process can be complex and fraught with considerations that might not be immediately apparent.. While the initial impulse may be to rely solely on internet research or anecdotal advice from friends and family, there is immense value in consulting with professionals before making a final decision.
Posted by on 2024-12-27
When preparing official documents for system upgrades, one of the most critical considerations is assessing compliance with local codes and regulations. This process ensures that any proposed changes not only enhance the efficiency and functionality of a system but also adhere strictly to established legal frameworks. This essay explores the importance of compliance assessment, key steps involved in this process, and its implications on successful system upgrades.
At the heart of any infrastructure or technological upgrade lies the necessity for adherence to local codes and regulations. These codes are established by governmental authorities to maintain safety, environmental protection, public health, and order within a community. They serve as benchmarks ensuring that all developmental activities align with broader societal goals. For instance, building codes may dictate certain safety standards that must be met when upgrading physical structures or integrating new technologies into existing systems.
The process of assessing compliance begins with a comprehensive review of all relevant local regulations associated with the planned upgrade. It involves identifying applicable laws which could range from zoning laws and environmental statutes to health and safety regulations. Each jurisdiction may have unique requirements; hence it is imperative to understand these nuances fully before proceeding with any documentation or work related to system upgrades.
Once these regulations are identified, the next step is conducting a gap analysis between current practices or systems and those mandated by law. This involves evaluating existing conditions against regulatory requirements to identify areas where compliance may be lacking or improvements are needed. For example, if an organization plans to install new IT infrastructure within its premises, it must ensure that the changes meet cybersecurity standards prescribed by local authorities.
Collaboration plays a pivotal role at this stage. Engaging with legal experts, engineers, architects, and other stakeholders helps in accurately interpreting complex legal jargon within regulatory texts. Their expertise facilitates precise alignment of project specifications with statutory obligations while ensuring that all potential risks are mitigated effectively.
Upon completing this analysis, organizations should develop detailed reports outlining their findings along with recommendations for achieving full compliance during implementation phases of system upgrades. These reports form part of official documentation required not just for internal validation but often also for submission during permit applications or inspections conducted by regulatory bodies.
Incorporating feedback from these assessments into planning processes can significantly influence project timelines and costs involved in executing system upgrades successfully without facing legal hindrances later on due to non-compliance issues discovered post-facto during audits or inspections by authorities.
Ultimately, assessing compliance goes beyond mere obligation; it represents a proactive approach towards sustainable development where technological progress coexists harmoniously within legislative boundaries designed for collective welfare enhancement rather than individual convenience alone.
In conclusion, assessing compliance with local codes and regulations is an indispensable aspect when preparing official documents for system upgrades. It ensures projects meet essential legal criteria while fostering responsible innovation aligned closely alongside community interests safeguarded through carefully crafted laws governing various facets affecting both private entities as well as public domains at large today globally interconnected world we inhabit now more than ever before!
When embarking on the journey of system upgrades, one of the most critical steps is documenting current system performance and limitations. This foundational task serves as both a compass and a blueprint, guiding stakeholders through the complexities of technological evolution while ensuring clarity and precision in planning.
Documenting current system performance involves a thorough assessment of how well the existing system meets organizational needs. This process begins with gathering quantitative data, such as response times, throughput rates, error frequencies, and resource usage metrics. These performance indicators help to establish a baseline from which future improvements can be measured. Equally important is qualitative data-feedback from end-users regarding their experiences with the system. Understanding user satisfaction levels and pain points provides valuable insights that purely numerical data cannot capture.
Limitations are another crucial aspect to consider when preparing for system upgrades. Every system has its constraints-be they hardware-related, software-induced, or stemming from external factors such as regulatory compliance requirements or budgetary restrictions. Documenting these limitations involves identifying bottlenecks and areas where the current system falls short of optimal performance or fails to meet evolving business demands.
This meticulous documentation process serves several purposes. Firstly, it creates a clear picture of what currently exists, allowing stakeholders to make informed decisions about necessary changes. It also helps in setting realistic goals for what an upgraded system should achieve by highlighting areas for improvement based on empirical evidence rather than assumptions or anecdotal reports.
Moreover, this documentation acts as an invaluable reference point throughout the upgrade process. It ensures that all parties involved have a shared understanding of both current capabilities and deficiencies. This alignment is crucial for avoiding scope creep-a common pitfall in upgrade projects where original objectives are overshadowed by additional, often unnecessary features.
Additionally, documenting current performance and limitations aids in risk management by identifying potential challenges that could arise during or after the upgrade process. By anticipating issues based on well-documented past experiences, organizations can develop robust contingency plans to mitigate risks effectively.
In conclusion, documenting current system performance and limitations is not merely an administrative task-it is a strategic endeavor that lays the groundwork for successful system upgrades. It provides clarity amidst complexity and facilitates communication among diverse stakeholders with varying interests and expertise levels. Ultimately, this documentation ensures that upgrades are not just about adopting new technology but about enhancing overall efficiency and effectiveness in meeting organizational goals.
Preparing a comprehensive upgrade proposal document is an essential task when orchestrating system upgrades. This document serves as a blueprint, guiding stakeholders through the rationale, scope, and implementation strategy of a proposed upgrade. In the realm of preparing official documents for system upgrades, crafting such a proposal requires meticulous attention to detail, clear communication, and a strategic approach.
Firstly, it is crucial to understand the purpose of the upgrade. The proposal should begin with an executive summary that succinctly outlines why the upgrade is necessary. Whether it's enhancing performance, ensuring security compliance, or adding new functionalities, this section sets the stage for all subsequent details. The summary must capture the attention of decision-makers by highlighting key benefits and aligning them with organizational goals.
Following the executive summary, a detailed needs assessment should be presented. This involves identifying current system limitations and how they impact operations. By providing empirical data and real-world examples, you can effectively illustrate the necessity for change. It's essential to engage with various departments to gather insights on how existing systems affect their workflows and what improvements they anticipate from an upgrade.
The next step involves laying out specific objectives for the upgrade. These objectives should be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. For example, an objective might be to reduce processing time by 30% within six months post-upgrade. Clearly defined objectives provide measurable benchmarks against which success can be evaluated.
An integral part of any proposal is outlining the scope of work involved in executing the upgrade. This section should detail all activities required for successful implementation - from initial testing phases to full deployment across all necessary platforms. It's important to include timelines that reflect realistic expectations based on resource availability and potential challenges.
Risk management also plays a pivotal role in your proposal document. Identifying potential risks associated with both implementing and not implementing the upgrade helps prepare stakeholders for possible hurdles ahead while demonstrating thorough planning on your part.
Financial implications are another critical aspect that must not be overlooked when preparing your proposal document; hence including cost estimates broken down into categories like software purchases/licenses fees or labor costs will provide clarity on budget requirements needed throughout each phase until completion ensuring transparency among parties involved during decision-making processes regarding approval decisions too!
Moreover incorporating backup plans alongside contingency measures ensures readiness against unforeseen circumstances which could arise during upgrades themselves thereby minimizing disruptions caused unexpectedly due technical difficulties encountered along way potentially jeopardizing overall project outcomes if unchecked beforehand adequately addressed via preemptive strategies implemented accordingly safeguard interests at stake therein respectively so forth alike wise mannerism considered paramount importance indeed truly speaking honestly candidly openly without reservation whatsoever naturally inclined course action taken thus far latest developments unfolding momentarily occasion arises necessitating adjustments whenever deemed fit propriety dictates otherwise known better judgment calls upon requisite expertise consulted accordingly duly noted herein aforementioned documentation prepared comprehensively fully encompassing entirety subject matter discussed hereinabove elaborated clearly concisely succinctly understandably accessible manner facilitating interpretation readership varied backgrounds levels understanding technological advancements ongoing evolutionary progressions impacting everyday existence globally universally shared collective consciousness humanity strives toward continuously adapting evolving environments ever-changing times present future alike united common goals aspirations dreams realities envisioned collectively together harmoniously collaboratively cooperatively synergistically ultimately achieving greater good whole society community world large grand scheme things perspective gained over time accumulated experience wisdom knowledge shared passed down generations forward-looking visionary outlook embraced wholeheartedly spirit optimism hope perseverance resilience courage determination unwavering commitment excellence quality service delivered consistently reliably dependably sustainably ethically responsibly accountability maintained highest standards possible attainable achievable realizable feasible practical applicable relevant useful meaningful purposeful significant substantial profound impactful transformative beneficial enriching lives positively uplifting inspiring motivating encouraging
When embarking on system upgrades, one of the most crucial steps is obtaining the necessary permits and approvals. This process can often be intricate, involving various regulatory bodies and requirements that must be meticulously navigated to ensure compliance and avoid potential setbacks. The importance of this step cannot be overstated, as it not only legitimizes the upgrade process but also safeguards against legal complications that could arise from non-compliance.
Firstly, understanding the specific permits and approvals required for a system upgrade is essential. These requirements can vary significantly depending on the nature of the upgrade, the industry involved, and the geographical location of the operation. For instance, upgrading an IT infrastructure might necessitate different permits compared to enhancing a manufacturing system due to varying safety standards and environmental impacts.
To begin with, thorough research must be conducted to identify all relevant regulatory authorities that oversee the aspects related to your system upgrade. This might include local government bodies, environmental agencies, or industry-specific boards. Each of these entities may have its own set of guidelines and documentation requirements that need to be adhered to.
Once identified, gathering all necessary documentation is next. This typically includes detailed plans of the proposed upgrades, risk assessments, impact analyses, and any other technical documents that outline how the upgrades will meet existing standards and regulations. It's crucial that these documents are prepared with precision to prevent delays in approval due to incomplete or incorrect information.
Engaging with professionals who are well-versed in regulatory compliance can prove invaluable at this stage. These experts can provide critical insights into what specific regulators look for in applications for permits and approvals. Their expertise ensures that all documents are completed accurately and submitted efficiently.
Furthermore, maintaining open communication with regulatory bodies throughout this process is beneficial. Regular updates and discussions can help clarify any uncertainties regarding application procedures or document specifications. Such interaction also fosters a collaborative relationship with regulators which can facilitate smoother processing times.
In addition to securing initial permits and approvals before commencing upgrades, ongoing compliance should also be a priority throughout the project's lifecycle. As regulations may evolve over time or as projects develop new facets requiring additional oversight may emerge; hence continuous monitoring is imperative.
In conclusion, while obtaining necessary permits and approvals might seem like a daunting task amidst preparing official documents for system upgrades; it is undeniably a vital component ensuring legality smooth operations post-upgrade completion safeguarding investments made into such enhancements by avoiding costly fines interruptions caused by non-compliance issues down line . By approaching this endeavor methodically leveraging expertise where needed organizations position themselves advantageously within framework established governing authorities allowing them focus more energy innovation growth rather than bureaucratic hurdles alone .
Finalizing documentation for installation and maintenance procedures is a critical step in the process of preparing official documents for system upgrades. This phase ensures that all necessary instructions and guidelines are clearly articulated, facilitating a smooth transition during the upgrade process. In this essay, we will explore the importance of thorough documentation, the steps involved in finalizing these documents, and how they contribute to effective system upgrades.
Firstly, comprehensive documentation plays a vital role in ensuring that both installation and ongoing maintenance are executed efficiently. Clear instructions help prevent errors during the upgrade process, which can save organizations significant time and resources. For instance, well-documented procedures provide technicians with a clear roadmap to follow, reducing the likelihood of missteps that could lead to system downtime or malfunctions.
The process of finalizing such documentation involves several key steps. Initially, it requires gathering all relevant information about the system upgrade: specifications from developers, feedback from initial testing phases, and insights from past installations. Once this information is compiled, it should be organized into a coherent structure that logically guides users through each stage of installation and maintenance.
Drafting clear and concise content is crucial at this stage. The language used must be accessible yet precise enough to convey technical details effectively. It often helps to include diagrams or flowcharts that visually represent complex processes. This not only aids comprehension but also serves as a quick reference for technicians working under time constraints.
Reviewing and revising the draft is an equally important part of finalizing documentation. This involves soliciting feedback from various stakeholders-such as engineers who designed the system or end-users who will operate it-ensuring that all perspectives are considered. Additionally, conducting pilot tests with draft documents can highlight areas where further clarification might be needed or reveal potential oversights.
Once revisions have been made based on feedback received, the next step is formal approval from relevant authorities within the organization. This ensures that all procedural guidelines meet company standards and regulatory requirements before being disseminated for use.
Finally, training sessions can complement written documentation by providing hands-on demonstrations of installation or maintenance tasks covered in the documents. Such sessions allow technicians to ask questions and gain practical experience under expert supervision before performing upgrades independently.
In conclusion, finalizing documentation for installation and maintenance procedures is an indispensable component of preparing official documents for system upgrades. It not only provides clear guidance during critical stages but also enhances efficiency by minimizing risks associated with poorly executed installations or upkeep activities. By investing time into creating detailed yet user-friendly documentation-and supporting it with training initiatives-organizations position themselves better for successful systems integration while maintaining high operational standards throughout their technological landscape.
Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature (sometimes referred to as 'comfort cooling') and in some cases also strictly controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or by other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners, but use a reversing valve to allow them both to heat and to cool an enclosed space.[5]
Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.
Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.
Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.[12]
Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.[13][12]
Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.[14]
In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."[15]
In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."[19]
The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.[24]
Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.[25][26][27][28] In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.[30][31]
In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.[33]
Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)
In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,100,000 in 2023.)[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.[36]
Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.[38][39]
In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.[40][41]
Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.[42]
As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).[46][47]
Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.[50]
Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.[51]
Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.[citation needed]
Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.[53]
Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).
Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.
Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.
The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.
The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTUIT per hour, or 3,517 watts.[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.[citation needed]
The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).[citation needed]
Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.[62]
This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.
A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.
These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.
Types | Typical Capacity* | Air supply | Mounting | Typical application |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mini-split | small – large | Direct | Wall | Residential |
Window | very small – small | Direct | Window | Residential |
Portable | very small – small | Direct / Ducted | Floor | Residential, remote areas |
Ducted (individual) | small – very large | Ducted | Ceiling | Residential, commercial |
Ducted (central) | medium – very large | Ducted | Ceiling | Residential, commercial |
Ceiling suspended | medium – large | Direct | Ceiling | Commercial |
Cassette | medium – large | Direct / Ducted | Ceiling | Commercial |
Floor standing | medium – large | Direct / Ducted | Floor | Commercial |
Packaged | very large | Direct / Ducted | Floor | Commercial |
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit) | very large | Ducted | Rooftop | Commercial |
* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:
Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.
The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.[citation needed] The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.
Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.
Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.[71][72]
A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).
Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.
Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.[73]
The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.[74]
Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.[70][79][80][81][82][83]
Compressor types | Common applications | Typical capacity | Efficiency | Durability | Repairability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reciprocating | Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners | small – large | very low (small capacity)
medium (large capacity) |
very low | medium |
Rotary vane | Residential mini splits | small | low | low | easy |
Scroll | Commercial and central systems, VRF | medium | medium | medium | easy |
Rotary screw | Commercial chiller | medium – large | medium | medium | hard |
Centrifugal | Commercial chiller | very large | medium | high | hard |
Maglev Centrifugal | Commercial chiller | very large | high | very high | very hard |
This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. [citation needed]
This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. [citation needed]
This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. [citation needed]
There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. [citation needed]
Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.[85]
Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.[citation needed]
This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.[citation needed]
This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.[citation needed]
In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.[8]
Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.[92]
First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.[93]
Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.[7]
The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.[97]
Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.[99]
Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.[103]
Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).[104]
Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.[citation needed]
Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,[105] Hong Kong,[106] China,[106] Japan,[107] and Italy.[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.[109]
Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.[8][111]
Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.[12]
Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.[113]
Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.
There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.[114]
Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).[117]
Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.
Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.[119][120]Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.[121][123]
PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.[125][126]
Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.
The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.[127]: 99, 151, 233 In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.[127]: 134, 151â€ÅÂ
In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.[13]
In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.
In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.[130]
Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.[131]
In our method I shall observe what our ancestors have said; then I shall show by my own experience, whether they be true or false
Cornelius Drebbel air conditioning.
cite press release
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)Though he did not actually invent air-conditioning nor did he take the first documented scientific approach to applying it, Willis Carrier is credited with integrating the scientific method, engineering, and business of this developing technology and creating the industry we know today as air-conditioning.
cite web
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)cite journal
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help)Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming.
Royal installed a new furnace and air conditioner just before we got our used mobile home. Recently, the furnace stopped lighting. Jared (sp?) made THREE trips to get it back to good. He was so gracious and kind. Fortunately for us it was still under warranty. BTW, those three trips were from Fenton, Missouri to Belleville, Illinois! Thanks again, Jared!
Horrible workmanship, horrible customer service, don't show up when they say they are. Ghosted. Was supposed to come back on Monday, no call no show. Called Tuesday and Wednesday, left messages both days. Nothing. Kinked my line, crooked to the pad and house, didn't put disconnect back on, left the trash.....
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Went to get a deadbolt what they had was one I was told I'd have take it apart to lengthen and I said I wasn't buying something new and have to work on it. Thing of it is I didn't know if it was so that it could be lengthened said I didn't wanna buy something new I had to work on just to fit my door. He got all mad and slung the whole box with part across the room. A real business man. I guess the owner approves of his employees doing as such.
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